Bezeq Sites

This overview page reviews sites around Mount Bezeq in North Eastern Samaria.


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Contents:
Overview
Aerial Map
History
Bezeq Sites
Etymology
Links

Overview:

This page is an overview of the sites around Mt. Bezeq (also: Bezek).

Map / Aerial View:

An aerial map is shown here, indicating the major points of interest around the site. Access to the sites around mount Bezeq is thru a newly paved road that ascends to the summit.

History:

  • Biblical periods

Bezeq served as the critical staging area for Israel’s first unified military campaign under King Saul (1 Samuel 11). Here are the details:

  • Saul Gathers his army in Bezeq:

  The story of Saul rescuing the city of Jabesh-Gilead is a massive turning point in biblical history. It wasn’t just a random act of military defense; it was the exact event that solidified Saul’s position as the very first king of Israel. This was the story:

  The Ammonites, led by a king named Nahash (“snake”), besieged Jabesh-Gilead. (1 Samuel, 11: 1):

“Then Nahash the Ammonite came up, and encamped against Jabeshgilead: and all the men of Jabesh said unto Nahash, Make a covenant with us, and we will serve thee”.

  Desperate, the townspeople tried to negotiate a treaty. Nahash agreed, but on one horrific condition: he would gouge out the right eye of every man in the city to bring disgrace upon all of Israel. The elders of Jabesh asked for seven days to send messengers throughout Israel to see if anyone would save them. Confident that the fractured, leaderless Israelite tribes wouldn’t show up, Nahash granted them the week.

   Now there was also a profound underlying blood dynamic between Saul’s tribe (Benjamin) and Jabesh-Gilead. Generations earlier, during the tragic civil war recorded at the end of the Book of Judges, the tribe of Benjamin was nearly wiped out. The only city that hadn’t participated in the war against Benjamin was Jabesh-Gilead. To keep Benjamin from going extinct, the surviving Benjaminites were given wives from Jabesh-Gilead. Saul was a Benjaminite. This means the people of Jabesh-Gilead weren’t just fellow Israelites — they were quite literally his maternal cousins and ancestors.

  When the messengers arrived at Saul’s hometown of Gibeah, the people erupted into weeping. Saul was literally out plowing a field with his oxen when he walked into town and heard the news.   The text states that the Spirit of God came powerfully upon Saul, and he burned with righteous anger. It wasn’t just sympathy; it was a divinely inspired surge of leadership. He took his two oxen, cut them into pieces, and sent them by messengers throughout Israel with a clear, terrifying ultimatum: “With whomever does not come out after Saul and after Samuel, so shall be done to his oxen!” (1 Samuel, 11:7):

“And he took a yoke of oxen, and hewed them in pieces, and sent them throughout all the coasts of Israel by the hands of messengers, saying, Whosoever cometh not forth after Saul and after Samuel, so shall it be done unto his oxen. And the fear of the LORD fell on the people, and they came out with one consent”.

Saul send messages to 12 tribes – – AI generated  Credit: Gemini AI / BibleWalks Collection

To rescue the besieged inhabitants of Jabesh-Gilead from the Ammonites, Saul gathered and counted a massive force of 300,000 men from Israel and 30,000 from Judah right at Bezeq (Bezek) before launching a successful surprise dawn attack across the Jordan River. Saul gathered the army in Bezek. The site’s geographical position—nestled between Samaria and the Jordan Valley—made it the perfect assembly point for launching campaigns into the east. (1 Samuel, 11:8):

“And when he numbered them in Bezek, the children of Israel were three hundred thousand, and the men of Judah thirty thousand”.

Saul gathers the army in Bezek – – AI generated  Credit: Gemini AI / BibleWalks Collection

Saul’s strategy worked flawlessly. He mobilized a massive force at Bezek, crossed the Jordan River under the cover of darkness, and launched a surprise multi-pronged attack on the Ammonites during the morning watch. The Ammonites were completely scattered. (1 Samuel 11:11):

“And it was so on the morrow, that Saul put the people in three companies; and they came into the midst of the host in the morning watch, and slew the Ammonites until the heat of the day: and it came to pass, that they which remained were scattered, so that two of them were not left together”.

Illustration of King Saul gathering the forces – AI generated  Credit: Gemini AI / BibleWalks Collection

  Before this battle, many Israelites were deeply skeptical of Saul’s ability to lead, openly mocking him. After this brilliant victory, the people were so unified and ecstatic that they marched to Gilgal and officially confirmed Saul as their king with peace offerings and great celebration.

  The archaeological profile fits the biblical narrative perfectly. Rather than a massive, heavily fortified permanent Iron Age city on the absolute peak, the summit shows evidence of a smaller, strategic stronghold and watchpoint. The massive open terraces and plateaus below the peak provided the exact type of expansive space needed for a massive military assembly—like King Saul’s emergency mobilization of troops before crossing the Jordan to save Jabesh-Gilead.

The presence of these early Iron Age remains on the strategic high ground confirms that during the exact era of Saul and the early Israelite monarchy, this ridge was actively occupied, monitored, and utilized to control the vital pass between the central highlands and the Jordan Rift Valley.

Yet another nearby location of this gathering may be in the wide valley below, where a major trade route passed nearby. There were twin villages (Kh. Ibziq) located near the ancient road, one of them was established during the Iron Age (“Upper Bezeq”) while the other village (“Lower Bezeq”) was settled during the Byzantine period.

  • Other identifications?
  1. Bezeq as a site:

The location of Bezek (בֶּזֶק) has puzzled scholars for generations. This is because the text uses it in two very different geographical contexts—leading to alternative site identifications.

 a) Southern location: On one hand, as per Judges 1:4-7, The tribes of Judah and Simeon fight the Canaanites and capture their ruler, Adoni-bezek (literally “Lord of Bezek”). Because this is tied to the conquest of the southern lot of Judah, scholars naturally looked for a southern location.

 b)  Northern location: As per 1 Samuel 11:8, King Saul musters the armies of Israel at Bezek before launching a rapid night march to rescue Jabesh-Gilead (east of the Jordan River). For a single night’s march to be possible, this Bezek must be in the northeast, near the Jordan Valley.

2. Bezek is descriptive noun or adjective

Others suggested a compelling theory that it might not be a place name at all, but a descriptive noun or adjective.

  a)  Bezeq means speed: Some linguistic alternative readings suggest Saul numbered the people “with lightning speed” or “in a flash” due to the urgent, overnight crisis facing Jabesh-Gilead.

  b)  Bezeq means scattering stones : Another less common root connection relates bezeq to scattering small stones or broken pieces. In this view, it could refer to a stony, gravelly terrain where troops were gathered, or the scattering/mustering technique used to count the massive army.

3. If not Bezek, what is this site?

According to Zertal, the site on the summit of Mount Bezek may have been Rabbith (as per Joshua 12:17,20):  “And the fourth lot came out to Issachar… and Rabbith, and Kishion, and Abez”. He based this theory on the name of the nearby Arabic village Raba that preserved the ancient name, and a possible shared ownership with the tribe of Manasseh.

  • Roads and Cities:

The cities and roads during the ancient periods up to the Roman period, are indicated on the Biblical Map below.  The summit of Mt. Bezeq is indicated as a red dot. The site indicated as “Bezek”  refers to the twin villages at the foothills- Upper and Lower Ibzik.

An ancient road is indicated here as a dashed line.  A section of this major road also passed near the twin villages (Upper and Lower Bezeq), but is not marked on this map.  The road starts from Beit-Shean Scythopolis, via Rehob, along Nahal Bezeq to Thebes (modern Tubas) down to Tirzah and to Shechem (modern Nablus).

Map of the area – during the Israelite to Roman periods (based on Bible Mapper 3.0)

  •   Roman – Byzantine periods

An imperial road, connecting Naepolis (Nablus, Shechem) to Scythopolis (Beit Shean), was constructed during the Roman period, using the ancient route. An illustration shows the route of this road, which followed Wadi Khashneh as it crossed the northeastern desert. Along the way, it passed through the twin Roman-Byzantine farming villages of Upper and Lower Bezeq (Ibzik), situated on the southern foothills of Mount Bezeq.

While the exact construction period of this highway is yet to be determined, the earliest inscribed milestone found along this road (at milestone 14) dates back to the reign of Septimius Severus between 193 and 211 AD. The latest milestone dates to Theodosius I (last emperor to rule the entire Roman world, from 379 to 395) inscribed milestone 19 (which is now missing).

By bypassing the rugged belly of Nahal Bezeq (Wadi Shubash) in favor of Wadi el-Khashneh (or Khashnah), Roman engineers chose the path of least resistance, highest safety, and best military control. Wadi Shubash (Bezeq) carves out a incredibly deep, steep, and jagged limestone canyon as it drops down toward the Jordan Rift Valley. For a Roman army, baggage train, or heavily laden merchant caravans, navigating the sheer cliffs and the boulder-strewn bed of the lower Shubash gorge was a logistical nightmare. Wadi el-Khashneh, by contrast, provides a much more accessible, moderate, and uniform gradient descending from the highlands. Roman road design heavily prioritized steady, reliable inclines where draft animals wouldn’t lose footing or collapse from exhaustion.

  • Ottoman Period – (1516-1918 A.D.)

Conder and Kitchener of the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) surveyed the area during the Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) in 1874-75. This is a section of their map, focusing on the mountain that appears as “Ras Ibzik” with a height indication of 2404 ft (732m). “Ras Ibzik”, on the summit, is the site that is covered in this page.

On a lower level is Khirbet Ibzik el Fauqa (“Upper Bezeq”) – a multi period village established during the Iron Age and continued to the Middle Ages. Another village, Kirbet Ibzik el Tachta (“Lower Bezeq”),  was settled  during the Byzantine period near the first village. The Roman road from Jordan valley to Samaria passed along the east side of both villages,  as marked by a double dashed line (the bypass route).

To the north is the village of Raba, built over a a multi-period site starting from the Persian period.

Part of map sheets 12 of Survey of Western Palestine,
by Conder and Kitchener, 1872-1877. (Published 1880, reprinted by LifeintheHolyLand.com)
  • British Mandate

A 1940s British map shows the area around the site. The peak is marked 713m.  To the south east is Kh. Ibziq (“Upper Bezeq”). Near the village is Nebi Hizqin – a holy site honoring prophet Ezekiel ( although the recognized mausoleum of the prophet Ezekiel is located in Iraq).

To the north is the village of Raba, on the slopes of Mount Bezeq. The stream of Nahal Bezeq (also known in Arabic as Wadi Shubash) originates near the village of Raba. It is marked as Wadi el Balad on a hidden section of this map. As it flows, it carves out a beautiful, steep canyon that serves as a dramatic geographic boundary, separating the eastern Samarian hills from the southern slopes of the Gilboa range. From its mountainous origin, it runs a 25-kilometer course eastward, eventually making its way down into the Jordan Rift Valley and emptying into the Jordan River just south of Kibbutz Tirat Zvi.

British survey map 1942-1948 – https://palopenmaps.org topo maps
License: public domain under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1998
  • Modern period  

Adam Zertal thoroughly surveyed the site (in 2001), and added valuable information in the The Manasseh Hill Country Survey. This massive archaeological undertaking led by the late Adam Zertal (University of Haifa). Zertal’s work transformed our understanding of the eastern Samarian desert fringes, moving it from a perceived “wasteland” to a strategically managed imperial frontier. Zertal and his team (notably Shay Bar in later volumes) documented the site in Volume II (site 41, pp. 181-182) of the survey series.

  New excavations were held here in years 2025-2026 on the Iron Age site on the summit of Mt. Bezeq and are still in process. The work, headed by Tal Orenstein of the Staff Officer of Archaeology, is still in progress. Ayelet Keidar is the academic researcher for the excavation.

 The “Har Bezek” settlement was officially regularized and expanded throughout 2026 following a formal Israeli security cabinet directive issued in late December 2025. It is built on a ridge at 632m above sea level, east of the summit of Mount Bezeq. A new road was paved, connecting the settlement to the Jordan Valley checkpoint.

 

Bezeq Sites

This section points to the pages and videos that cover the area of Bezeq.

(a) Nahal Bezeq

Nahal Bezeq, Wadi Shubash in Arabic, is an intermittent stream that serves as the prominent geographical divider between the southern slopes of Mount Gilboa and the northeastern hills of Samaria. The stream originates near Mount Bezeq at an altitude of 713 meters.

(b) Mt. Bezeq Iron Age ruin

The upper peak site is where the earliest remains are concentrated. Its a medium sized Iron age site. According to Zertal’s survey, the site occupies an area of 6 dunams.

Surface surveys and localized excavations on the high ridges have yielded significant pottery fragments dating precisely to Iron Age I (the period of the Judges and early settlement, roughly 1200–1000 BC) and Iron Age II (the Monarchic period). According to the survey by Zertal, the sherds are divided 50% to the Iron Age I c (1100-1000 BC) and  50% to the Iron Age 2 (1000-586 BC).  According to the 2026 excavation, the earliest sherds were dated to the Iron Age 2. However, continued excavations could reach the Iron Age 1 layer.

  Visit the site

Also watch the video tour:

(c) Lower Bezeq village

Our team conducted a short field survey video of Lower Bezeq village (Khirbet Ibziq al Tachta), dated to the Byzantine period. It was positioned near a major cross-mountain trade route, and adjacent to the Bezeq Valley 420m below the summit of Mount Bezeq. The valley is likely the site where King Saul assembled a massive army of 330,000 men to launch a surprise dawn attack that changed the course of history (as per 1 Samuel: 11).

Here is video of this survey:

(d) Mystery of el-Qule fortress

High above the Bezeq Valley, the summit of a prominent hill holds the remnants of an ancient Hellenistic or Early Roman stronghold. It was built to monitor ancient traffic along the vital mountain pass connecting the Jordan River to Samaria. The site is known locally as Khirbet el -Qula, an Arabic name meaning ‘Ruins of the Fortress.’ We climbed up the hill to inspect the site, a 120m steep ascent starting from the edge of the Bezeq valley. On the summit is a large rubble of limestone blocks.

(e) Inscribed winepress

We also visited a unique Byzantine installation near Lower Bezeq village, with an ancient carved inscription. This fascinating complex features two distinct winepress installations, complete with treading floors, collecting vats, and rock-hewn storage pits. The absolute highlight of the site is an ancient, carved inscription proudly displaying the names of the original owners of this 1,500-year-old facility.

(f) Wady Khasneh XXth Milestones

This video summarizes a field survey of the 20th milestone from Neapolis (Nablus, Shechem) to Scythopolis (Beit Shean). Right here at the 20th mile station, a group of 7 Roman milestones lie on the ground.  The reigning emperor named on one of the stones is Maximinus Thrax, who ruled from 235 to 238 AD.

(g) Neapolis to Scythopolis 18th Mile

A visit to the 18th mile of the Roman road from Neapolis (Nablus, Shechem) to Scythopolis (Beit Shean).

We surveyed the point where the road began its climb along the foothills towards the twin villages of Bezeq/Ibzik. Down in the valley below, a milestone was once discovered, marking the 18th station along the route.

 

Etymology – behind the name:

* Names of the site and valley:

  • Bezeq – Biblical name of the site and the valley
  • Ibziq – Arabic name of Bezeq (preserved the ancient name)
  • Har Bezeq – Hebrew name of the mount (Har: Mountain) and the new settlement (הר בזק)
  • Ras Ibzik – Arabic name of the peak (Ras: head)
  • Khirbet Ibziq al-Fauqa – means: Upper Bezeq ruin – the name of the settlement at the eastern foothills of Mt. Bezeq; al-Fauqa – Arabic for upper (to distinguish this site to the Roman period site located at a lower height)
  • Khirbet Ibziq al-Tachta – means: Lower Bezeq ruin – a village north of Upper Bezeq village
  • Nahal Bezeq – name of the valley along the south side of Mt. Gilboa
  • Wadi Shubash – Arabic name of the valley south of Nahal Bezeq;
  • Wadi Khashnah – Arabic name of the valley parallel to Nahal Bezeq; the route of ancient Roman road. Means the rough valley.
  • Wadi Khashneh – the spelling on the PEF map

Links:

* External links and references:

  • “The Manasseh Hill Country survey”, Adam Zertal, Volume 2 site 41, pp. 181-182
  • N. Zori – The Land of Issachar Archaeological Survey (1977), p. 36-37 – Sites 50 (Upper Ibzik), 51 (Lower Ibzik)

* BibleWalks sites:

  • Sartaba – A Hasmonean and Herodian desert fortress on a high pointed mountain.

 

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This page was last updated on Oct 29, 2026 (new page)

 

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